Reading for Pleasure: World Literature and Reported Speech Statements

Великие литературные мыслители:

- **Abai Kunanbayev** [ʌˈbaɪ kuːnænˈbaɪef] — great Kazakh poet, thinker, composer, and founder of modern Kazakh written literature.

- **The Book of Words (Kara Sozder)** — 45 philosophical treatises and moral reflections on education, hard work, unity, and honesty.

- **William Shakespeare** — world-renowned English playwright and poet (Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet).

- **Literary terms**: metaphor, character development, philosophical essay, moral conflict.

Когда слова автора стоят в прошедшем времени (*He said that...*), времена в косвенной речи делают **шаг назад во времени**:

| Прямая речь (Direct Speech) | Косвенная речь (Reported Speech) |

|:---|:---|

| **Present Simple**: *"I love literature."* | **Past Simple**: *He said that he **loved** literature.* |

| **Present Continuous**: *"I am reading Abai."* | **Past Continuous**: *She said that she **was reading** Abai.* |

| **Past Simple**: *"We visited the museum."* | **Past Perfect**: *They said that they **had visited** the museum.* |

| **Present Perfect**: *"I have finished the essay."* | **Past Perfect**: *He said that he **had finished** the essay.* |

| **Future (will)**: *"I will write a poem."* | **Future-in-the-Past (would)**: *She said that she **would write** a poem.* |

Слова, которые меняются при пересказе чужой речи:

- **now** $\rightarrow$ **then / at that moment**

- **today** $\rightarrow$ **that day**

- **yesterday** $\rightarrow$ **the day before / the previous day**

- **tomorrow** $\rightarrow$ **the following day / the next day**

- **here** $\rightarrow$ **there**

- **this** $\rightarrow$ **that**, **these** $\rightarrow$ **those**

Пример:

- Direct: *"I am writing this essay today," Arman said.*

- Reported: *Arman said that he was writing that essay that day.*

Цитаты мудрости из «Слов назидания»:

- *“Love humanity as your own brother, and learn all knowledge and sciences.”*

- *Knowledge, diligence, and justice are the three pillars of an enlightened personality.*